Wage growth for U.S. workers has cooled substantially from the pandemic period while inflation remains elevated, a trend that is adding to economic pressures.
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Americans face a renewed squeeze on their paychecks as inflation once again rises faster than wage growth, putting further pressure on consumer wallets.
“A substantial number of Americans are worse off, their incomes are not keeping up with the price increases right now,” Heather Long, chief economist at Navy Federal Credit Union, told CNBC.
Consumer prices rose 3.4% in August from a year earlier, according to data released Friday by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Average hourly earnings, meanwhile, increased just 3.1% over the same period, according to a separate BLS report released Friday. Real average hourly earnings, adjusted for inflation, fell 0.1% from July and were down 0.3% from a year earlier in August.
The gap between inflation and wage growth is a stark reminder that workers are losing purchasing power.
“The basics are that inflation is wiping out wage gains,” said Long, adding that April marked a clear turning point after a lengthy stretch in which wage growth had generally exceeded inflation.
From May 2023 until about April of this year, workers had been slowly regaining ground.
In fact, Long first started charting the inflation-wage growth relationship a year ago to make the opposite point — that things were improving and even as Americans remained frustrated at the time by the higher overall price level, wages were gradually catching up.
But that progress began reversing this spring as energy costs jumped.
“That’s what’s just hard to watch. Things were getting better, and now that improvement has blown up,” she said.
Energy remains a major source of pressure now, with gasoline prices rising 3.9% in August alone, accounting for more than one-third of the consumer price index’s gain. Diesel touched $6 per gallon on Friday for the first time amid fuel supply disruptions arising from wars in Iran and Ukraine.
Long ties the shift in household finances to the surge in energy prices following the war in Iran. Navy Federal previously estimated that gasoline prices jumped 21% in March, helping push its measure of car ownership costs to a record.
‘Going to be tough for a long time’
Long said it is difficult to see inflation falling substantially while geopolitical pressures continue, particularly as wage growth slows.
“It’s going to be tough for a long time,” she said.
The best-case outcome, she believes, could be for wage growth and inflation to converge again around the beginning of 2027. “But that’s still going to feel pretty miserable on Main Street if inflation equals wage growth,” Long said.
A prolonged squeeze on purchasing power is already starting to show up in consumer spending. Consumer spending accounts for roughly two-thirds of U.S. economic activity, and Long expects households to become more cautious as their paychecks buy less.
Consumers are adjusting
The squeeze and the change in consumer spending habits are starting to show up in data as well.
Data from YouGov shows that higher-income shoppers are more likely to shop for groceries at Costco, while Walmart Supercenter is the preferred grocery store for middle- to lower-income households.
A similar shift into spending more at warehouses and discount stores is already showing up in Navy Federal’s internal spending data, which covers about 15 million members, Long said.
“People who used to shop at Whole Foods are now at Costco, Aldi, and so you can see that people are still really trying to stretch every dollar,” Long said, adding that the behavior is appearing “almost across the income spectrum.”
“The frustration is real on inflation and affordability,” she said.